We report two experimental studies of human perceptions of robotic facial expressions while systematically varying context effects and the cultural background of subjects. Except for Fear, East Asian and Western subjects were not significantly different in recognition rates, and, while Westerners were better at judging affect from mouth movement alone, East Asians were not any better at judging affect based on eye/brow movement alone. Moreover, context effects appeared capable of over-riding such cultural differences, most notably for Fear. The results seem (...) to run counter to previous theories of cultural differences in facial expression based on emoticons and eye fixation patterns. We connect this to broader research in cognitive science – suggesting the findings support a dynamical systems view of social cognition as an emergent phenomenon. The results here suggest that, if we can induce appropriate context effects, it may be possible to createculture-neutral modelsof robots and affective interaction. (shrink)

We report two experimental studies of human perceptions of robotic facial expressions while systematically varying context effects and the cultural background of subjects. Except for Fear, East Asian and Western subjects were not significantly different in recognition rates, and, while Westerners were better at judging affect from mouth movement alone, East Asians were not any better at judging affect based on eye/brow movement alone. Moreover, context effects appeared capable of over-riding such cultural differences, most notably for Fear. The results seem (...) to run counter to previous theories of cultural differences in facial expression based on emoticons and eye fixation patterns. We connect this to broader research in cognitive science – suggesting the findings support a dynamical systems view of social cognition as an emergent phenomenon. The results here suggest that, if we can induce appropriate context effects, it may be possible to createculture-neutral modelsof robots and affective interaction. (shrink)

We report two experimental studies of human perceptions of robotic facial expressions while systematically varying context effects and the cultural background of subjects. Except for Fear, East Asian and Western subjects were not significantly different in recognition rates, and, while Westerners were better at judging affect from mouth movement alone, East Asians were not any better at judging affect based on eye/brow movement alone. Moreover, context effects appeared capable of over-riding such cultural differences, most notably for Fear. The results seem (...) to run counter to previous theories of cultural differences in facial expression based on emoticons and eye fixation patterns. We connect this to broader research in cognitive science – suggesting the findings support a dynamical systems view of social cognition as an emergent phenomenon. The results here suggest that, if we can induce appropriate context effects, it may be possible to create culture-neutral models of robots and affective interaction. (shrink)

Differences in socioeconomic status (SES) correlate both with differences in cognitive development and in brain structure. Associations between SES and brain measures such as cortical surface area and cortical thickness mediate differences in cognitive skills such as executive function and language. However, causal accounts that link SES, brain, and behavior are challenging because SES is a multidimensional construct: correlated environmental factors, such as family income and parental education, are only distal markers for proximal causal pathways. Moreover, the causal accounts themselves (...) must span multiple levels of description, employ a developmental perspective, and integrate genetic effects on individual differences. Nevertheless, causal accounts have the potential to inform policy and guide interventions to reduce gaps in developmental outcomes. In this article, we review the range of empirical data to be integrated in causal accounts of developmental effects on the brain and cognition associated with variation in SES. We take the specific example of language development and evaluate the potential of a multiscale computational model of development, based on an artificial neural network, to support the construction of causal accounts. We show how, with bridging assumptions that link properties of network structure to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain structure, different sets of empirical data on SES effects can be connected. We use the model to contrast two possible causal pathways for environmental influences that are associated with SES: differences in prenatal brain development and differences in postnatal cognitive stimulation. We then use the model to explore the implications of each pathway for the potential to intervene to reduce gaps in developmental outcomes. The model points to the cumulative effects of social disadvantage on multiple pathways as the source of the poorest response to interventions. Overall, we highlight the importance of implemented models to test competing accounts of environmental influences on individual differences. (shrink)

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic quickly necessitated digital learning, which bore challenges for all pupils but especially for groups disadvantaged in a virtual classroom. As some studies indicate persistent differences between boys and girls in use of technologies and related skills, the aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in the digital learning environment students faced in spring 2020. Previous studies investigating gender differences in digital learning largely used biological sex as the only indicator of gender. This (...) study includes both biological sex and gender role self-concept in order to investigate the role of gender in different components of this stereotyped domain in a more differentiated way. A total of 19,190 Austrian secondary school students participated in an online study in April 2020 and answered questions regarding their competence beliefs, intrinsic value, engagement, and perceived teacher support in digital learning during the pandemic-induced school closures. Results showed higher perceived teacher support, intrinsic value, and learning engagement among girls than boys, while no significant sex differences were found in competence beliefs regarding digital learning. Furthermore, our results indicated clear benefits of an androgynous gender role self-concept for all studied components of digital learning. Implications of the findings for theory and practice are discussed. (shrink)

In this article the relevance of the feminist ethic of care for current Dutch social policies is elaborated. It starts from the observation that Dutch society is witnessing two intertwined processes: the relocation of politics and the relocation of care. Together these processes result in the need for new normative frameworks for social policy. Care has to become part of the practices of active citizenship, which should be based on notions of relationality and interdependence. Basic moral concepts of the ethic (...) of care, like attentiveness, responsibility, competence, responsiveness, trust and asymmetrical reciprocity are introduced. In the final part, the ethic of care is applied to two topical issues: policies on combining paid labour and care and generation-sensitive policies. Finally some norms are proposed to guide social policymaking. (shrink)

Este artigo teve por objetivo identificar e compreender como as mulheres representam a maternidade. Para isso, foram realizadas, através de ligação telefônica, 15 entrevistas com mulheres entre 31 e 40 anos, que têm pelo menos um filho e inseridas no mercado de trabalho, utilizando para isto, um roteiro semiestruturado criado pelos pesquisadores. Através dos dados coletados, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa estruturada em duas categorias, a saber: o sentimento das participantes em relação à maternidade e a percepção da maternidade em (...) meio à outras funções, como esposa e profissional. A partir da articulação entre os relatos das entrevistas com a literatura científica utilizada, foi possível verificar que as mulheres identificam a maternidade como uma grande responsabilidade, que muitas vezes, as fazem abdicar de outras funções também importantes como esposa, profissional, ou a si mesmas enquanto pessoa. Por outro lado, também foi possível averiguar que algumas mulheres, além de representarem a maternidade como uma responsabilidade, também a entronizam como realização, expressando um sentimento de mudanças positivas em suas vidas. A partir do estudo foi possível ratificar o quanto a maternidade é valorizada pelas mulheres com filho, sendo necessário realizar mais estudos que relacionem a saúde mental de mães, com a sobrecarga e o sentimento de culpa citado por elas. (shrink)

This paper has a two-fold aim: to analyze the development of the digital transformation field, and to understand the impact of digital technologies on business model innovation through a structured review of the literature. The results of this research reveal that the field of digital transformation is still developing, with growing interest from researchers since 2014. Results show a need for research in developing countries and for more collaboration between researchers and practitioners. The review highlights that the field is fragmented (...) among disruptive technologies, shared platforms and ecosystems, and new enabling technologies. We conclude that digital transformation has impacted value creation, delivery, and capture in almost every industry. These impacts have led to the employment of a variety of new business models, such as those for frugal innovation and the circular economy. (shrink)

RESUMEN En este artículo problematizo el protagonismo del comprender en Ser y tiempo, para demostrar que la modificación conceptual que hace Nancy de la relación como remisión a la estructura relacional "ser-a" es el elemento clave para su transformación de la ontología heideggeriana en una ontología de los cuerpos. Para realizarlo, primero evalúo las implicaciones de la interpretación del lenguaje como dóxa en Heidegger. Luego, a partir de Nancy desarrollo la noción de sentido como transitividad del ser, soportada en la (...) estructura "ser-a". En tercer lugar, expongo otra noción de mundo correspondiente a la aperturidad ontológica sin ser apriorística, que atenta contra la preeminencia ontológica del humano y enfatiza la fundamentalidad del ser-con. Finalmente, resalto dos consecuencias de este cambio metodológico: la transformación de la existencia en creación de mundo en lugar de comprensión y de la comunidad como régimen ontológico singular-plural. ABSTRACT In this paper, I problematize the prominence of understanding in Being and Time. In order to demonstrate that the conceptual modification that Nancy does of the relation as "reference" to the relational structure "being-to" is the key element to transform the Heideggerian ontology into an ontology of bodies. To do it, first, I evaluate the implications of the interpretation of language as doxa in the first Heidegger. Then, departing from Nancy, I develop the notion of sense as transitivity of being, supported by the structure "being-to". In third place, I expose another notion of the world, corresponding to the ontological opening without being aprioristic; which works against the ontological preeminence of the human and emphasizes the fundamentality of being-with. Finally, I explain two consequences of this methodological change: the transformation of the existence as creation, instead of comprehension, and of the community as a singular-plural ontological regime. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to reveal doctors' and nurses' attitudes to euthanasia in intensive care units and surgical, internal medicine and paediatric units in Turkey. A total of 205 doctors and 206 nurses working in several hospitals in Istanbul participated. Data were collected by questionnaire and analysed using SPSS v. 12.0. Significantly higher percentages of doctors (35.3%) and nurses (26.6%) working in intensive care units encountered euthanasia requests than those working in other units. Doctors and nurses caring for (...) terminally ill patients in intensive care units differed considerably in their attitudes to euthanasia and patient rights from other health care staff. Euthanasia should be investigated and put on the agenda for discussion in Turkey. (shrink)

De Interpretatione is among Aristotle's most influential and widely read writings; C. W. A. Whitaker presents the first systematic study of this work, and offers a radical new view of its aims, its structure, and its place in Aristotle's system. He shows that De Interpretatione is not a disjointed essay on ill-connected subjects, as traditionally thought, but a highly organized and systematic treatise on logic, argument, and dialectic.

En este artículo propongo que Pelea de gallos de Ampuero exhibe la naturalización de lo inhumano del capitalismo gore en las relaciones socioafectivas de la vida íntima. A partir de Sayak Valencia, explico cómo los cuentos muestran una economía simbólica que mercantiliza a los cuerpos femeninos y animales y convierte la violencia en contra de estos en productos de consumo. Luego, analizo los cuentos “Crías” y “Subasta”, para mostrar que los personajes femeninos devienen-animal-deshecho como estrategia para escapar de esta codificación. (...) Considero que estos devenires redistribuyen la propiedad del saber de los humanos a los animales y a la naturaleza y subvierten la economía semántica y afectiva del consumismo como horizonte común. Estas formas de deshumanización le permiten a los cuerpos femeninos una reapropiación parcial y efímera del cuerpo que les ha sido robado. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo analisa a política de ensino integral no estado de Pernambuco, implementada por atores privados desde 2008, com enfoque privilegiado sobre as formas de contratação de docentes e sua incidência no território. A hipótese aqui considerada faz analogia ao pensamento de Lévi-Strauss, por ocasião de sua passagem pelo Brasil em 1930, quando remarcou o arrasamento da população indígena pela cultura do homem branco e seus interesses econômicos sustentados pelo discurso da modernidade. Problematiza-se, assim, em que medida o (...) avanço do segmento empresarial na educação pública assemelha-se à constatação tecida nos “Tristes trópicos” (1955) à medida que arrasa uma cultura educacional que passa da estabilidade e reflexividade para o pragmatismo e a racionalidade econômica. A concepção teórica que sustenta o debate sobre o tema apoia-se em Robert Castel (1998) e Cingolani (2005), os quais destacam que a precariedade nas relações de trabalho conduz a um processo de precarização das condições de vida, posto que trabalhadores sujeitados a trabalhos intermitentes, contratos por tempo determinado, tempo parcial, entre outros, resultam em vulnerabilidade social. Palavras-chave: Trabalho Docente; Privatização; Precariedade; Política Educacional. Sad tropics: the business culture of precarity applied to public education. Abstract: This article analyzes the policy of full-time education in the state of Pernambuco, implemented by private actors since 2008, with a privileged focus on the ways of hiring teachers and its impact on the territory. The hypothesis here considered makes analogy with the thought of Lévi-Strauss, on his passage in Brazil in 1930, when he remarked the destruction of the indigenous population by the white man's culture and his economic interests supported by the discourse of modernity. Is problematized how much the advance of the entrepreneurial segment in public education is similar to the observation made in "Sad tropics" (1955) as it devastates an educational culture that moves from stability and reflexivity to pragmatism and economic rationality. The theoretical conception that sustained the debate about the theme is based on Robert Castel (1998) and Cingolani (2005), who point out that the precarity in work relations leads to a process of precariousness in living conditions, since subjected to intermittent work, fixed-term contracts, part-time work, among others, result in social vulnerability. Keywords: Teaching Work; Privatization; Precarity; Educational Politics. Tropiques tristes : la culture entrepreneuriale de la précarité appliquée à l'éducation publique. Resumé: Cet article analyse la politique d'éducation à temps pleins dans l'État de Pernambuco, mise en œuvre par des acteurs privés depuis 2008, en se concentrant de manière privilégiée sur les formes d'embauche des enseignants et leur impact sur le territoire. L'hypothèse envisagée ici fait analogie à la pensée de Lévi-Strauss, à l'occasion de son passage au Brésil en 1930, lorsqu'il remarquait la destruction de la population indigène par la culture de l'homme blanc et ses intérêts économiques soutenus par le discours de la modernité. Le problème est donc de savoir dans quelle mesure l'avancée du segment entrepreneurial dans l'enseignement public est similaire à l'observation faite dans "Tristes trópicos" (1955) car elle dévaste une culture éducative qui passe de la stabilité et de la réflexivité au pragmatisme et à la rationalité économique. La conception théorique qui soutient le débat sur le sujet est basée sur Robert Castel (1998) et Cingolani (2005), qui soulignent que la précarité dans les relations de travail conduit à un processus de précarisation des conditions de vie, puisque soumis au travail intermittent, aux contrats à durée déterminée, au temps partiel, entre autres, entraînent une vulnérabilité sociale. Mots clés : Travail Enseignant ; Privatisation ; Précarité ; Politique Éducative. Data de registro: 29/05/2022Data de aceite: 28/06/2022. (shrink)

O gênio e o santo são figuras de destaque na filosofia de Schopenhauer, pois a elas é atribuída a capacidade de conhecer de um modo privilegiado, adquirida através de uma modificação na forma como os seres humanos usualmente conhecem. Essa forma de conhecimento se caracteriza por sua independência em relação ao princípio de razão suficiente, que acontece quando o intelecto se liberta do domínio da vontade. A liberdade intelectual pode proporcionar tanto a contemplação estética para o gênio quanto o quietivo (...) da vontade para o santo. O nosso objetivo será mostrar que o quietivo possui um aspecto que o diferencia da contemplação, visto que somente ele caracteriza a negação da vontade de viver, pois esta, ao interromper a afirmação da vontade, promove simultaneamente a destruição do corpo, o qual é considerado o foco a partir do qual a vontade se afirma. (shrink)

Inaugural lecture as Professor of Women's Studies in the Social Science Faculty at the University of Utrecht.

This book offers concrete and specific suggestions for improving teacher education programs.

This is a book for teachers and parents as well who seek to develop such self-directed, “can-do” children.

This book provides a collection of ten cases for use in the middle grades that focus on many of the critical social issues we face today.

This book for teachers and parents makes an important case for the need for developing moral behavior in young children. It offers effective tools for teaching children to weigh decisions in the face of potential consequences, examine rationales for their choices, study the effects of their choices on others.

Increase or decrease in subsequent action following a low-cost act of support for a cause can be predicted from both commitment theory and the slacktivism effect. In this paper, we report on three studies that tested type of motivation as a moderator of the effect of an initial act of support [wearing a badge and writing a slogan ] has on support for blood donation. Small-scale meta-analysis performed on data from the three studies shows that activating prosocial motivation generally leads (...) to greater support for the cause after an initial act of support compared to the control condition, while the effect from impression-management motivation can either be negative or null. (shrink)

In general, the business ethics literature has treated the conceptual domains and outcomes of macro-level, meso-level, and micro-level ethical influence separately. However, this singular treatment ignores the synergies and tensions that can arise across these different types of ethical influence. Using sales as a research context, the current study argues that all three ethical frames of references are important in shaping employee behavior and performance and, as such, should be examined simultaneously. The findings show that industrial ethical climate and salesperson (...) moral equity are positively associated with salesperson customer orientation. In addition, industrial and organizational ethical norms have a stronger joint effect on customer orientation than either ethical climate alone. More specifically, a more ethical organizational climate enhances the positive effects of the industrial ethical climate on customer orientation. Furthermore, whereas salesperson moral equity is significantly associated with salesperson customer orientation, strong moral equity beliefs in situations requiring adaptive selling result in weaker sales outcomes. This study concludes with a set of theoretical and actionable implications, as well as a discussion of future research avenues. (shrink)

O arrependimento [die Reue] é uma noção que surge na filosofia de Schopenhauer quando ele trata da possibilidade de um indivíduo aprimorar a manifestação do seu próprio caráter, que é aquilo que constitui o caráter adquirido. Cada um de nós possui um caráter que não pode ser mudado, mas o conhecimento sobre ele pode se aprimorar, o que permite que um indivíduo possa aperfeiçoar o conhecimento ou a consciência daquilo que ele é. Sendo o caráter a expressão daquilo que cada (...) um quer, nós não nos arrependemos do que nós queremos, mas do que fizemos, exatamente porque consideramos que a nossa ação não foi condizente com a nossa vontade. Portanto, o arrependimento resulta do conhecimento que permite adequar o fazer ao querer. O objetivo será esclarecer a importância da primazia da vontade sobre o intelecto para a compreensão do arrependimento, assim como indicar a diferença entre o arrependimento e a angústia de consciência [die Gewissenangst]. (shrink)

A comparação entre a negação da vontade e o ponto de ebulição da água foisugerida por Schopenhauer a fim de esclarecer a transição da compaixão à ascese. Pois estatransição só acontece quando se atinge um determinado ponto, que revela a supressão completado principium individuationis e torna possível a negação da vontade como um fenômenoindependente do princípio de razão. O nosso objetivo é demonstrar como essa comparaçãocontribui para o entendimento desse tema e quais são os limites que temos que atribuir a (...) ela. (shrink)